What is the effect of a load factor exceeding normal limits on an aircraft?

When a load factor exceeds normal limits, it can cause structural damage or lead to loss of control in an aircraft. The load factor refers to the ratio of the lift of the aircraft to its weight, and when the aircraft experiences forces greater than those for which it was designed, it can experience stress on its structure. This might occur during aggressive maneuvers, turbulence, or sharp turns, and if the load exceeds the aircraft's design limits, it could result in components failing or the aircraft becoming difficult to control.

Critical to understanding this is that aircraft are engineered to withstand specific load factors, and exceeding these limits compromises the integrity of the aircraft, which could lead to catastrophic outcomes. Therefore, knowing and respecting these limits is essential for safe flight operations.